Author: Elone Elone

Ions

Ions are atoms that have either lost electrons or gained electrons. Before we get into all of this I’m going to show you the octet rule, the octet rule is the rule that the max an atom should normally have in the valence shell (the last shell which carries the max amount of electrons the atom can contain) is eight. The most an atom was discovered with, was 32.

Now I’m going to explain how atoms actually become ions. The way this works is when a metal atom like copper loses electrons and a non-metal like hydrogen gains those electrons, the metal that lost the negatively charged electrons becomes a positively charged ion (known as a cation) the non-metal that gained those electrons (known as an anion) becomes a negatively charged atom. So in short, ions are actually atoms with a different amount of protons and electrons. This is known as a net charge. A net charge is a charge which is not neutral. These net charges can be written like this e.g.

Carbon2+, this means two extra electrons because the ‘+’ means extra and the ‘2’ means the number of electrons.                                                                                                                                      Carbon2-, this means two fewer electrons because ‘-’ means fewer and we already know the value of ‘2’.

  1. page
  2. page
  3. page
  4. page

What are macro-molecules and what do they do?

Macro-Molecules, are formed when molecules come together. Most macro-molecules are organic and the ones that aren’t are mostly synthetic (meaning man-made). An organic molecule is a molecule that is composed of hydrocarbon (meaning hydrogen and carbon). 

All matter is organic or inorganic. Matter is everything in this universe e.g. (meaning, for example) the air that your breading, all living-things including nature, all non-living things and even the atoms, molecules and macro-molecules your learning about. There are four majour macro-molecules in biology (biology is a subject that is in science to be more specific, the study of animals humans plants and other living things) being, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids).

This is the periodic table, it has all the human known periodic tables in the world.

Link to pages.

  1. page
  2. page
  3. page
  4. page

The Foundation of Atoms

Atoms are in everything. They consist of subatomic particles (meaning the particles that are inside an atom) known as protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms also have a nucleus (which is basically the heart). All subatomic particles have charges. The charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons are,

protons are positive, neutrons are neutral (meaning no charge) and electrons are negative. There are loads of atoms. Nobody knows the exact number of atoms in earth or the universe. The three most common atoms in the universe are

  1. Hydrogen
  2. Helium
  3. Oxygen

link to page 2

we memerise, not pressurize